How to robotically take down a mammary artery
Introduction
Robotic-assisted, minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) describes a robotic-assisted thoracoscopic left internal mammary artery (LIMA) takedown with creation of a hand-sewn LIMA-left anterior descending artery (LAD) anastomosis via a non-rib-spreading left anterior mini-thoracotomy. When multivessel disease is present, if complete revascularization can be pursued, the European Society of Cardiology has affirmed a combined MIDCAB and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) as an alternative to traditional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (1). MIDCAB is increasingly common, and we have demonstrated that surgeons can become proficient in as few as twenty cases (2,3). We present a case of a patient undergoing MIDCAB and describe our approach to LIMA takedown.
Clinical vignette
A 56-year-old male with a history of stenting to his right coronary system presented for cardiac catheterization following an abnormal stress test. He was found to have LAD and circumflex disease. After discussion with the heart team, the plan was hybrid revascularization in a staged fashion with MIDCAB performed during the current admission and PCI to the circumflex in 4–6 weeks.
Surgical technique
Surgical positioning/preparation
Standard invasive lines and monitors are placed, and selective right lung ventilation is performed via a double lumen endotracheal tube. The patient is positioned in a modified supine position with the left scapula bumped, and the left arm supported below the level of the operative table. Three ports are introduced into the left thoracic cavity in the second, fourth, and sixth interspaces and the thoracic cavity is insufflated with carbon dioxide. The da Vinci Xi Surgical Robot (Intuitive Surgical Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA) is docked. We do not ‘target’ the robot for deployment; however, all instruments are triangulated into the working field at the cranial origin of the mammary artery.
Robotic assisted mammary harvesting
The LIMA is harvested from its cranial attachment to the subclavian artery to its bifurcation with the use of robotic instruments only. The endothoracic fascia is opened lateral to the LIMA, which is mobilized in a skeletonized fashion working in a cranial to caudal direction. The fascial margin is completely opened prior to branch division, and the free edge is utilized for downward traction on the LIMA. When necessary, the mammary artery can be handled at the adventitial level only; however, we avoid grabbing the mammary artery directly whenever possible. Smaller branches are divided with a single clip at the base of the branch and monopolar electrocautery at the chest wall, whereas larger branches are doubly clipped and divided either with monopolar energy or sharply with a robotic Potts scissor. The mammary vein is left on the chest wall untouched; however, if venous bleeding is encountered, this can be controlled with bipolar energy, frequently without the use of additional clips.
After complete mobilization to and visualization of the bifurcation, the patient is heparinized to an activated clotting time (ACT) greater than 300 seconds and the mammary artery is clipped in triplicate—two clips distally on the chest wall and one proximally—and then sharply divided. The pericardium is opened over the right ventricular outflow tract, extended cephalad to the pulmonary artery and distally to the apex, allowing confirmation of the target anatomy and diagonal branches. The mammary artery is clipped to the lateral pericardial defect to allow easy retrieval at time of thoracotomy. After removal of the working arms, insufflation is reduced to confirm anastomosis site alignment with planned anterior thoracotomy incision.
Direct coronary artery anastomosis
The fourth interspace port site is extended and a mini thoracotomy is performed. Utilization of a soft tissue retractor and pericardial stay sutures allows visualization of the LAD with minimal rib spreading. An off-pump LIMA-LAD anastomosis is performed with the assistance of an intracoronary shunt, carbon dioxide humidified blower and a cardiac stabilizing retractor. After the anastomosis is completed, protamine is administered and transit-time flow measurements confirm satisfactory graft patency.
Completion of operation
All wounds are closed in the standard fashion. A channel drain is placed through the second intercostal incision into the pericardial space and a chest tube through the sixth intercostal incision is left within the pleural space.
Postoperative course
Patients are started on dual antiplatelet therapy immediately postoperatively. Chest tubes are removed on postoperative day one and the patient is discharged home on postoperative day three.
Comments
Clinical results
MIDCAB has been demonstrated at our center to have excellent outcomes. In patients with isolated LAD disease, we have demonstrated a greater than 90% survival rate at nine years for both MIDCAB and PCI; however, MIDCAB had a significantly reduced LAD reintervention rate (2.5% vs. 13.4%, P<0.0001) (4). For patients requiring multivessel revascularization, we have experienced success with a hybrid approach with an eleven-year survival rate of 93.7% and fewer than 15% of patients requiring repeat revascularization.
Advantages and caveats
Although we have previously demonstrated that MIDCAB can be performed efficiently in under twenty operations, implementation remains limited. Therefore, we accept that our experience is at a high-volume center and may not be directly applicable to all cardiac centers; however, we believe MIDCAB offers an excellent approach to LAD revascularization as an isolated procedure or as part of a hybrid approach.
Acknowledgments
Funding: None.
Footnote
Conflicts of Interest: N.C.P. is on the scientific advisory board of Vascular Graft Solutions. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
References
- Sousa-Uva M, Neumann FJ, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2019;55:4-90. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Harskamp RE, Brennan JM, Xian Y, et al. Practice patterns and clinical outcomes after hybrid coronary revascularization in the United States: an analysis from the society of thoracic surgeons adult cardiac database. Circulation 2014;130:872-9. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Hemli JM, Henn LW, Panetta CR, et al. Defining the learning curve for robotic-assisted endoscopic harvesting of the left internal mammary artery. Innovations (Phila) 2013;8:353-8. [Crossref] [PubMed]
- Patel NC, Hemli JM, Seetharam K, et al. Minimally invasive coronary bypass versus percutaneous coronary intervention for isolated complex stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022;163:1839-1846.e1. [Crossref] [PubMed]
